Means and method for demonstrating the effects of low cylinder astigmatism correction

ABSTRACT

A new vision test, incorporating textual and non-textual elements in an image, is configured to demonstrate the effects of low cylinder astigmatism and other sources of blur on visual quality. The elements are designed to be noticeable, relevant, important and engaging. The new vision test may be utilized to supplement conventional vision testing.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a divisional of application Ser. No. 14/011,131,filed Aug. 27, 2013.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to human vision testing devices andmethods, and more particularly to a vision test chart and/or series ofvision test charts and associated test methodology that may be utilizedto both assess and demonstrate the effect of blur reduction throughoptical correction, such as low cylinder astigmatism or high orderaberrations correction, on visual quality.

2. Discussion of the Related Art

Visual acuity charts, such as Snellen charts, are the most widelyutilized form of vision test in clinical practice. Standard visualacuity tests require that a patient identify letters of the alphabet ofdecreasing size from a predetermined position or distance. The smallestrow of letters that may be read accurately indicates the patient'svisual acuity.

The symbols on any acuity chart are known as optotypes. In a Snellenchart, the optotypes are designed as block letters with a particulargeometry. Many modern visual acuity charts use a Sloan optotype, wherethe thickness of the lines equals the thickness of the white spacesbetween lines and the thickness of the gap in the letter “C”. The heightand width of the optotype is five (5) times the thickness of the line.

During a standard eye exam, the visual acuity chart is often the onlyvisual target for the patient to assess changes in the quality of visioncorrection with different levels of correction. Due to the fixedcontrast, limited range of spatial frequencies, and lack of imagery, thevisual acuity chart cannot demonstrate the real world vision qualitythat the patient will experience. Research into the subjective qualityof images based on optical properties has shown that spatial frequencieswhich are lower than the usual threshold measured on a visual acuitychart are the most important aspect of the perceived quality of animage.

In addition to the simplicity of the content, the letters on a visualacuity chart are an incomplete representation of the visual stimuli anindividual both experiences and sees in a typical day. The bestrepresentation the visual acuity chart gives is of the ability to readdistant signs, but there are many other visual experiences in anindividual's life. These experiences include reading and recognizingfaces, seeing textures, trying to make out an object that may bepartially obscured, and more.

In astigmatism, differential curvature in the optics of the eye causesthe image to be blurred rather than focusing to a point. The amount andshape of the blur differs with each patient's prescription and/orparticular condition. Higher levels of astigmatism are very noticeableand the benefit of its correction is clearly demonstrated by looking ata visual acuity chart. Low levels of astigmatism are not as noticeableto the individual, particularly when being assessed with a standard eyechart tests as described above, as these tests do not always provide acompelling demonstration of low level cylinder correction for treatingastigmatism. When the patient is being fit for contact lenses, thisoften leads to practitioners choosing to fit astigmatic patients intospherical contact lenses. This is primarily due to a lack of perceivedvisual benefit of a toric contact lens that uses cylinder to correctastigmatic blur from both the practioner's and patient's perspective.The consequence of fitting an astigmatic patient into a sphericalcontact lens is reduced vision quality as compared to that which may beachieved by utilizing a lens for correcting the low cylinderastigmatism. Accordingly, there is a need for an eye test thatdemonstrates the benefit of correcting low cylinder astigmatism or othercauses of blur.

In addition to blur caused by low levels of astigmatism, blur from othersources are less noticeable using a visual acuity chart than in everydaylife. These sources include blur from multifocal corrective lenses,spherical aberration, and other high order aberrations. An eye test thatdemonstrates real world vision improvements may be utilized to help apatient choose the best multifocal design for them or decide on thebenefit of correcting high order aberrations, all without leaving theoffice.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The means and method of the present invention for demonstrating theeffects of blur reduction through optical correction, such as thecorrection of low cylinder astigmatism or high order aberrations,overcome the disadvantages associated with the prior art as briefly setforth above.

The present invention is directed to a method and means fordemonstrating the effect and benefit of low cylinder astigmatismcorrection and other optical corrections. Typically, a patient orindividual with low levels of astigmatism will not appreciate the impactof correcting for the astigmatism based on standard visual acuitycharts. Accordingly, the present invention utilizes an eye chart andtest designed specifically to demonstrate the power or effect of lowcylinder astigmatism correction. The chart and test are designed toutilize a knowledge of the patient, a knowledge of the optics and aknowledge of visual perception in a more meaningful and impactfulfashion. More specifically, the eyes (optics) view a target and theimage is blurred due to astigmatism, the brain interprets the image(visual perception) and the patient decides if the visual differencemakes it worthwhile to try toric lenses to correct for cylinder.Accordingly, the eye chart and test examines the optics aspect todetermine which targets maximize the impact of a low cylindercorrection, visual perception to determine how can one leverage theperceptual aspects of vision, and finally the patient to determine howto make the difference meaningful and relevant. With respect to theoptics, the chart or scene comprises images that include high frequencyelements and low contrast elements, for example, text, in the context ofreal world signage and surface textures. With respect to visualperception, the chart or scene comprises images that include facialexpressions, perspective and distraction, for example, a real worldstreet setting with depth including people walking and signage with textoverlaid on distracting backgrounds. With respect to the patient, thecomponents of the chart or scene combine to provide a noticeable,relevant, important and engaging improvement in vision when shown thecorrection for low astigmatism when compared to a spherical correction.The visual change of image components as described are not limited toastigmatic blur. These same components will perceptibly change with blurcaused by myopic or hyperopic error, blur from multifocal correction andhigh order aberrations. While initially targeted at demonstrating thebenefit of correcting low levels of astigmatism, the present invention'sbenefit extends to these and other forms of optical blur correction orcomparison as well.

The vision test chart and method of the present invention is easy toutilize, engaging, and most importantly, powerfully demonstrates thedifference low cylinder astigmatism correction may make in anindividual's everyday life. The process adds minimal time to a standardeye exam and provides the opportunity for a patient to see what it islike to see more clearly in a real world situation, or as close to areal world situation that is possible in a controlled environment. Theeye exam itself may be accomplished with a simple flipper tool and animage or scene in accordance with the present invention. In addition,the present invention enables improved patient education on the visualimpact of astigmatism due to the more compelling demonstration comparedto the traditional practice of utilizing existing visual acuity charts.

The vision test chart and method of the present invention may beutilized alone or in combination with any other visual acuity tests. Forexample, the vision test chart and method of the present invention maybe utilized in combination with the standard visual acuity chart.Alternatively, the vision test chart and method of the present inventionmay be utilized as a stand-alone test, because elements within the chartmay be measurable or quantifiable as they relate to visual acuity, inaddition to demonstrating the difference that blur correction makes.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features and advantages of the invention will beapparent from the following, more particular description of preferredembodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanyingdrawings.

FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a patient undergoing an eyeexam in accordance with the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an exemplary facial expression composite in accordance withthe present invention.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary high frequency image in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 is an exemplary grating and text image in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 5 is an exemplary rotating gratings image in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 6 is an exemplary array of gratings image in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 7 is an exemplary line drawing in accordance with the presentinvention.

FIGS. 8A and 8B are exemplary scrolling text images in accordance withthe present invention.

FIG. 9 is an exemplary text in perspective image in accordance with thepresent invention.

FIG. 10 is an exemplary text with distraction image in accordance withthe present invention.

FIG. 11 is a high contrast pattern image in accordance with the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention is directed to a means and method fordemonstrating the benefits and effects of low cylinder astigmatismcorrection, or blur from myopic or hyperopic error, presbyopic errorand/or higher order aberrations. More specifically, an eye chartcomprising a scene that includes elements that not only represent a realworld image, but is also meaningful and relevant to the patient may beutilized to demonstrate the difference low cylinder astigmatismcorrection may make for an individual. The means and method of thepresent invention make use of a combination of meaningful patientelements, optic elements and visual perception elements in one or morescenes or images. Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a patient100 holding a simple flipper tool 110 while viewing a chart 120 inaccordance with the present invention.

With respect to optics, how the eyes view an object or a scene, the keyis to determine what targets or elements maximize the visual impact oflow cylinder astigmatism correction. In general, targets or elementsthat are high frequency and which have low contrast maximize the impactof a low cylinder astigmatism correction. Low contrast features are morelikely to become totally invisible in patients or individuals withuncorrected low level cylinder astigmatism; however, low contrastfeatures may not necessarily give the greatest perception of a changewith and without astigmatism correction. In other words, low contrastfeatures that may be invisible through a low cylinder tend to be stillquite difficult to see even with perfect correction. Accordingly, thehigh frequency features are also important. Within high frequencyinformation, certain information proved to be of particular usefulness,including small text, for example, less than 0.9 mm from 40 cm and lessthan 14 mm at 6 m, gratings, for example, as utilized in contrastsensitivity function testing at greater than 20-30 cycles/degree, lineswith edges and fine detail in images, for example, expression lines infaces or textures in natural images. While lines/edges are highfrequency, they may not alone be particularly useful because theeye-brain system is especially sensitive to edges and lines.Accordingly, other elements should preferably be incorporated.

It is important to note that visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, aswell as the impact optimal correction for these items may have, may varysignificantly from patient to patient, even in patients with the sameprescription. Accordingly, a target image or scene should preferablyincorporate a range of orientations, frequencies/sizes, and contrast todemonstrate that low cylinder astigmatism correction makes a difference,and in some cases, a significant difference. Astigmatic blur isnon-symmetric and, depending on prescription and patient, may have alarger impact on vertical, horizontal, or diagonal spatial frequencies.Including a range of orientations in the image is important to coverthis range of patient prescriptions.

Individuals see with their eye and brain acting as a system, as thebrain interprets the image, while the eyes are merely the optics.Accordingly, individuals may be comfortable with a certain amount ofblur caused by astigmatism as the brain adapts to this blur. Therefore,it is more difficult to have an eye chart that leverages the perceptualaspects of vision. More specifically, there are a number of perceptualeffects that work against a test designed to maximize the differencebetween no correction and low cylinder astigmatism correction. The brainmay adapt to astigmatism blur and this effect may be particularly welldeveloped if the individual has adapted to low cylinder astigmatism overan extended period of time. The brain is also very adept at filling inmissing information in images based upon visual cues, previousexperiences and best guesses. In addition, many of the classic visualillusions rely on the higher order interpretation of the image, and noton high frequency information, and therefore will not be disrupted by alow level of astigmatism. However, there are three (3) illusions thatare affected by a low level of astigmatism; namely, hybrid images thatcombine high and low frequency elements, a combination of this hybridapproach with changing facial expressions, and images obscured behind agrating. There are perceptual effects that enhance the effect of lowcylinder astigmatism correction; namely, motion/time and distraction.Moving text or images give the brain less time to fill in the missinginformation, and hence may be more difficult to interpret withoutoptimal visual correction, in particular, low cylinder astigmaticcorrection. Similarly, an image or text may be flashed up for a briefperiod of time. A large amount of complex and superfluous visualinformation may distract the brain and make it more difficult torecognize familiar shapes and/or read text. Accordingly, perceptualaspects may be incorporated into the means and method of demonstratingthe effects/benefits of low cylinder astigmatism correction to thepatient in accordance with the present invention.

The individual makes a subjective decision as to whether he or she wantslow cylinder astigmatism correction, based upon what they know and see.If the individual is not provided with the opportunity to see how muchtheir vision may be improved, then any decision they make is being madewith incomplete information. Accordingly, the present inventionincorporates elements in an image that make the difference meaningfuland relevant to the individual. To do this, the difference is preferablynoticeable, important and engaging. In the noticeable category ismagnitude of difference, binary behavior and obviousness. The magnitudeof difference is essentially a measure of how big is the effect, isthere an improvement in clarity, sharpness/contrast, and a change in howthe overall image appears. The measurement of difference may have binarybehavior, for example, absent or present, recognizable or notrecognizable, and readable or not readable. This is measurable on ascale and quantifiable. Obviousness involves a determination of whetheran individual can recognize the difference on his or her own or whethersomeone has to draw attention to the difference before it can berecognized. Under the important category is relevance, realism andconsequence. With respect to relevance, the test content or scene ispreferably relevant to the individual's daily life. With respect torealism, the test content or scene is preferably believable andrealistic to the individual, such as the image looking substantiallylike a photograph of a place or location (i.e. natural). With respect toconsequence, the test content or scene preferably has elements that havean effect on an aspect of daily life. Elements of this nature mayinclude differences that are life threatening, for example, missingelements due to low cylinder astigmatism that may cause a car crash. Theelements may also include differences that cause impairment, forexample, missing elements due to low cylinder astigmatism may cause theindividual not to be able to read a street sign. Under the engagingcategory is that the demonstration is interactive, educational,informative, interesting and surprising. These elements areself-explanatory.

Visual perception is a complex function and the present inventionutilizes scenes and/or images that include elements that tend to show oremphasize a significant difference when present with a one (1) dioptercylinder correction. Given the right combination of elements in a sceneand/or image, it may be possible to show a significant difference with a0.75 diopter or lower levels of cylinder correction. In a preferredexemplary embodiment, an image or scene should comprise one or more ofthe following features: facial recognition and expressions, highfrequency detail, gratings and text, rotating gratings, array ofgratings, line drawings, text in motion, text in perspective, text withdistraction and high contrast patterns.

It is important to note that the following text and correspondingfigures illustrate individual aspects or components of a composite imagethat may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. An imagein accordance with the present invention utilizes or comprises one ormore of the exemplary components illustrated in FIGS. 2-11 to create acomposite image that is preferably noticeable, relevant, important andengaging to the individual or patient undergoing testing. While FIG. 1includes an exemplary eye chart, an image in accordance with the presentinvention would preferably look more like a photograph in substance anddetail.

A composite image for facial recognition and expressions may be createdutilizing low frequencies from one face and high frequencies fromanother face. This might involve images of two different people or twodifferent facial expressions of the same person. A low cylindereliminates the low contrast, high frequencies and changes the overallperception of the face and its expression. This is noticeable to theindividual because the loss of high frequency information leads to anentirely different interpretation of the image (binary difference). Forexample, a scowling face may change to a more neutral face, orpotentially one well known face could change into another. The former iseasier to achieve in a more convincing way because the change requiredis smaller. This is important to the individual because theinterpretation of facial expressions is highly relevant in everydaylife. This is engaging to the individual because people are naturallydrawn to pay attention to faces and facial expressions. The differencethat correction makes, may result in an entirely differentinterpretation of the image, and may be surprising for the individual aswell.

The above described effect may be achieved by passing one image througha high pass filter and overlaying this image on an image with adifferent facial expression. A composite image of a baby's face mayoffer a more fun version of the angry/calm composite, and thus it mayincrease the test's level of engagement. Another possible way to utilizethe composite image principle in a more realistic way would be with anX-ray, which is high frequency and low contrast by nature. Such an imagewould have increased realism for the patient, but would be less relevantor consequential in their daily lives. FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplaryfacial expression composite image 200. It is important to note that witha line drawing as illustrated in FIG. 2, it is not possible to show theoverlay of low and high frequency information; however, when taken incombination with the description herein, the skilled artisan will fullyappreciate the concept.

In addition to composite images, ordinary photographs or illustrationsof faces are another way to provide a test that utilizes the relevantinterpretation of facial expressions. The preferred size of faces shouldbe approximately 5 mm in height when viewed at 0.5 m and scaledappropriately to maintain this angular size for charts at differentviewing distances. In addition to facial recognition, the image maypreferably incorporate people of between 5 mm and 10 mm in height for a0.5 m distance. Without correction these people may disappear into thebackground of the image.

Low levels of astigmatism or blur from other refractive errors make itmore difficult to see the high frequency elements in an image and maycause them to disappear entirely when presented at low contrast.Accordingly, high frequency detail images may be utilized in accordancewith the present invention to emphasize the difference. High frequencydetail, including textural elements, will show significant changes insharpness with correction of astigmatism. The difference will be evenmore noticeable if the textural elements only become visible to thepatient once their vision is corrected because this creates a binarydistinction. High frequency detail is important because textures andpatterns make images more realistic and relevant to the individual's orpatient's life, for example, seeing individual pebbles that form thesurface of a sidewalk rather than a flat gray surface. High frequencydetail is engaging because there is some freedom to create images thatare interesting and fun for the patients, in addition to lookingrealistic. This may be best achieved with a portfolio of images fromwhich one or both the eye care professional and the patient may choose.Pictures or images of the natural world may be utilized as examples ofhigh frequency detail, such as leaves on distant trees or fur onanimals. Patterns and weaves in fabric may also comprise a highfrequency detail image. FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary high frequencyimage 300.

Low levels of astigmatism make it more difficult to see gratings andtext. A low contrast high frequency grating superimposed behind letterswith the edges of the letters blurred to avoid the edge being overlyapparent will cause an individual with low cylinder to see the lettersdisappear into the background when uncorrected. Gratings and text arenoticeable because low contrast gratings are well known and often usedto measure the contrast sensitivity function. The size and contrast ofthe grating may be tuned so that the letters completely disappearwithout correction and appear with correction, creating a strong binarydifference. Gratings and text are not as relevant to daily life as otherfeatures disclosed herein; however, it is engaging in that the textualcontent of the image provides some opportunity to relate informationthat the patient finds fun and interesting. It is also possible to usethe demonstration to help explain astigmatism, particularly themeasurement of cylindrical axis. If the orientation of the grating ineach letter is consistent with the patient's astigmatism, then they willonly be able to read the word(s) or letter(s) once their vision iscorrected. By orienting the gratings in different directions fordifferent letters, some of the letters will not be visible withoutcorrection, while others would be. This change could be utilized tocause the patient to see one word or phrase without correction and adifferent word or phrase with correction. By making these sets of wordsor phrases having different meanings, the correction may be seen to havea significant and meaningful impact. FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplarygratings and text image 400. It is important to note that fiducialmarkers (+) are included in the image so that a patient may focusproperly at the image plane,

In a vision test that incorporates a rotating grating, to a patient withastigmatism, the stripes forming the grating will appear to pulsate asthe grating rotates. With correction, the stripes will cease to pulsateand the patient will be able to observe clear gratings over the fullrange of rotation. This effect will work without modification for allaxes of astigmatism. Rotating gratings are noticeable because thepulsating that patients see will be striking in of itself given that theeye is finely tuned to detect motion. The cessation of the pulsing whenthe patient corrects their astigmatism will thus create a significantand binary difference. While the rotating grating is noticeable, it haslow relevance relating to importance and engagement. However, as before,it may be useful in the explanation of astigmatism, particularly themeasurement of cylindrical axis. FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplaryrotating gratings image 500. It is important to note that the singleimage as illustrated in FIG. 5 cannot show the rotation as describedherein.

In a vision test that incorporates an array of low contrast, highfrequency gratings, when the orientation of the grating matches with thepatient's axis of astigmatism, the individual stripes blur together suchthat the individual stripes are no longer visible or identifiable. Anarray of gratings is noticeable because the disappearance of some of thegratings, but not others may emphasize the effect. There is a binarydistinction between correction and no correction. It may also bepossible to create a test within the test where the difference ismeasurable. The array of gratings is important because in allowingpatients to see lines that they were not previously able to see, theymay extrapolate that correction has a level of positive consequences ontheir vision. On their own, abstract images of lines will be lessengaging than images with semantic meaning that incorporate lines aspart of the image. There may be opportunities in both cases to increaseengagement by incorporating the gratings into a real-life situation,such as shop signage, making the test interactive and/or utilizing it asan educational tool to explain astigmatism. FIG. 6 illustrates anexemplary array of gratings image 600.

Line drawings and outline text composed mainly of narrow lines may beoriented in such a manner that some proportion or portion of the linesare oriented to match the patient's axis of astigmatism or cylinderaxis. When the patient views the image without correction, parts of theimage will blur or disappear entirely, and the specific parts thatdisappear will depend on the patient's astigmatism axis. Line drawingsof this nature are noticeable because the blurring of a distinct part ofan image creates an easily identifiable difference for the patient. Bymaintaining low contrast between the lines and the background of theimage, it may be possible for some of the lines to disappear entirely.It may also be possible to design the images so that two differentimages are seen with and without correction. Line drawings are importantbecause the content of the images/text may be tuned to the somewhatrealistic and relevant. Once again, line drawings may be more engagingby creating drawings that relate to fun and interesting topics and atool to educate on astigmatism. FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary linedrawing image 700.

In a vision test that incorporates text in motion, a patient may beshown text that moves across a screen. This text may incorporate moviecredits or the scrolling text along the bottom of the screen on a news,business, and/or sports channel. White on black text may make it evenharder to read with astigmatism, as can varying color combinations. Textin motion is noticeable because the motion gives the patient less timeto read the text, making high visual acuity more important. Correctingthe patient's astigmatism will make the text noticeably easier to read.The text may even change from illegible to legible. The difference mayalso be made measurable, and thus quantifiable, by counting the numberof lines of text that the patient correctly identifies each time. Movingtext is important because it may be realistically related to severalreal-world scenarios, such as the movie screen credits, scrollingdisplays on news, business and/or sports channels, or moving orscrolling road signs, for example, traffic updates. The movementincorporated into these types of displays is engaging as they are likelyto capture a patient's attention. Movement may also make the test moresensitive as the patient does not have the ability to fixate on onelocation and spend more time “blur interpreting.” There is also asignificant opportunity to make the test engaging through realisticvideos and interactive test design. FIGS. 8A and 8B illustrate exemplaryscrolling text. FIG. 8A is an exemplary depiction of the classic rollingcredits 800 typically found at the end of a movie and FIG. 8B is anexemplary depiction of scrolling information 802 along the bottom of atelevision during a program. Once again, text in motion as describedherein cannot be illustrated in a figure.

Text in perspective may be defined as text that is incorporated into animage that shows depth. This text in perspective may be a sign on theside of a building that gets smaller as it goes further from the viewer,or it may be the difference between two (2) signs positioned normally tothe viewer, at different apparent distances in the image. The range ofsizes that may be included accommodate a range of patients and theirdiffering visual acuities. The relative size of the text may be relatedto a real world situation, for example, like reading a shop or road signfrom a block away, and the text may be at an angle relative to the sceneand possibly less dependent on the orientation of the astigmatism orcylinder axis. An image in accordance with the present inventionincludes text in perspective. Text in perspective is noticeable becausethe text is sized such that high visual acuity is typically required toread it and a set of characters typically cover a range of spatialfrequencies and orientations. It is for this reason that visual acuitychanges with astigmatic blur, but the use of perspective allows for textto be put in context in a real world scenario, and for that text to beat varying angles from the viewer. Correcting the patient's astigmatismwill improve the clarity of the text, making it easier to read. It maybe possible to tune the image so that some text changes from illegibleto legible. The difference may also be made measurable, and thusquantifiable, by comparing the size of the smallest text that isreadable each time. Text in perspective is important because theperspective in the image is used to relate the text in a convincing wayto a real world situation, for example, reading supermarket signs fromthe end of the isle, and provides a clear indication of how astigmatismnegatively affects their vision and daily activities. The text inperspective is engaging because of the richness and realism and therelevance of these images may capture the patient's attention. Anotheradvantage of text in perspective is that the spatial frequencies of thetext in different directions may be varied independently. For example,orienting the text on the side of a building such that it has a highaspect ratio from the perspective of the viewer will increase thehorizontal spatial frequency, but with no significant impact to thevertical spatial frequency.

In order to give the image a real sense of scale, context and visualcues are preferably provided. The image preferably comprises a vanishingpoint, which may or may not be in the frame of the image, a depth offield, a field of view and reference objects. The vanishing point helpsto relate the foreground to the background and indicate the total depthof the image. A deep depth of field helps give the illusion of depth ona flat image when image details are sharp throughout, such as withastigmatism correction. Human eyes on average have a field of viewbetween one hundred twenty (120) and one hundred fifty (150) degrees, soit is important that the image have a wide field of view to be engaging.Limitations of print/display size and viewing distance may impact theability to display full eye field of view, but larger fields are morelikely to be engaging for the subject. A reference guideline from themotion picture industry suggests a minimum of a twenty-six (26) degreefield of view for movie theaters to maintain an engaging experience.Reference objects have assumed heights, for example, people and doors,which help the viewer to assess dimensions in the image. With an imagehaving text in perspective, an individual or patient with correctionshould be able to read text deeper into the image. FIG. 9 illustrates atext in perspective image 900.

Text with distraction also provides a valuable means for demonstratingthe value of low cylinder astigmatism correction. Text with additionalpatterns around, over or under the letters is much harder to read in thepresence of low levels of astigmatism. This is most likely due to thefact that the patterns around the text blur into the letters andincrease the visual acuity required to resolve the edges, and the highsuperfluous information content around the letters distracts the brainfrom reading the text. The distraction patterns around text may alsoreduce the local contrast in different ways around each letter,including reducing or eliminating the gaps in letters such as the “hole”formed by the loop in a lower-case “e”, which makes letter detectioneven more difficult. Text with distraction is noticeable because theaddition of the distractions increases the magnitude of the differencethat the patient sees between with and without corrections, as comparedwith text on its own. This form of vision test is highly relevant toreal world advertising and shop signage, which can consist of wordsoverlaid on images or logos. Also glare over a reflective sign, or signbehind glass, can create distraction for text. Additional distractionelements may include rain and snow. The text with distraction may bemade engaging by integration into the image in advertising, signage, andglare in a real world scene. FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary text withdistraction image 1000.

High contrast patterns may be utilized in accordance with the presentinvention in a reverse case scenario. In the typical high contrastpattern scene, it was found that the introduction of a one (1) dioptercylinder, observed from the appropriate distance, may make the imageappear, in other words, you see the image without correction.Accordingly, the present invention may utilize a distracting texturebehind a black pattern and asking the patient to focus on the clarity ofthe black pattern. A high contrast pattern is noticeable because it mayappear quite murky through a low level of astigmatism, but vivid andcrisp with perfect correction. A grey pattern under the black patternseems to add confusion to the defocus of the black stripes, enhancingthe effect. With correction; however, the black stripes become clear andcrisp, and the gray pattern disappears. While this test is fairlyabstract, it is believed to be important given that the patientappreciates the noticeable effect, the improved crispness of the lines,and the implied benefit for their vision more generally. If the image istuned correctly, the appearance/disappearance of the low contrast imageor pattern under the high contrast pattern may be quite surprising andthus engaging. In accordance with one exemplary embodiment, it may alsobe possible to design the image such that information regarding the useof toric lenses may be conveyed to a patient. For example, theinformation may reveal a message telling them that their eyesight may beimproved with toric lenses. FIG. 11 illustrates a high contrast patternimage 1100.

The eye exam in accordance with the present invention may beadministered in any suitable manner, for example, in a doctor's officeor in any other controlled environment including an individual's home.The test may be administered virtually, for example, delivered over theinternet to a home computer, smartphone, or tablet. A simple flippertool, as illustrated in FIG. 1, may be utilized with adaptive lenses tocorrect the low cylinder astigmatism. It is also important to note thatthe charts/images disclosed herein may be selected for a particularpatient's interest. Essentially, the charts may be customized toregions, activities, groups or genre, for example, sports. A computerbased text might allow automatic customization to a patient'sprescription or changing the language of text to the patient's nativelanguage. The test may be presented on a wide range of media, includinga printed booklet for viewing in the near-field, a large wall poster forviewing at a distance, a public display, a complex monitor or projectorfor viewing at a distance, a tablet screen for viewing in the nearfield. The choice of medium will also depend on whether motion orinteractivity is required. Interactivity includes augmented reality andinteractive games/tests.

It is important to note that if a computer monitor or tablet isutilized, it should preferably have a high resolution display. Without ahigh resolution display there will not be a high enough pixel density todisplay the required spatial frequencies.

A meaningful demonstration to one person may be irrelevant to anotherperson. Accordingly, the present invention may comprise a portfolio ofscenes from which the doctor or patient may select. This portfolio wouldpreferably cover a range of prescriptions and visual acuities as well asa range of interests. The doctor may ask the patient about anyinterests, or the patient may browse through the portfolio. A computerbased test may allow automatic customization to a patient's prescriptionas well as his or her interests.

Regardless of the particular image or the medium, the result ofcorrection should appear clearer, sharper and richer.

Although shown and described in what is believed to be the mostpractical and preferred embodiments, it is apparent that departures fromspecific designs and methods described and shown will suggest themselvesto those skilled in the art and may be used without departing from thespirit and scope of the invention. The present invention is notrestricted to the particular constructions described and illustrated,but should be constructed to cohere with all modifications that may fallwithin the scope of the appended claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for demonstrating the benefits ofcorrecting blurred vision of a patent having low levels of astigmatismcomprising: providing a set of composite images, the set including thefollowing: a composite image including a scene composed of textual andnon-textual elements, a composite image for facial recognition andfacial expression recognition having low frequency details for one faceand one expression and high frequency details for a second face and asecond expression, an image having high frequency details, an imagehaving gratings and text, an image having rotating gratings, an imagehaving an array of gratings, an image having only line drawings, animage having text in motion, an image having text in perspective, animage having text with distraction, an image having high contrastpatterns, presenting at least one of the images of the set to thepatient, having the patient view the at least one image through a devicehaving adaptive lenses to correct the low levels of astigmatism, anddetermining the effect of the vision correction on the patient havinglow levels of astigmatism.